Mexico had freed itself of Spanish rule in 1821, following eleven years of revolution launched by a Catholic priest, Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, on September 16, 1810. Spain had ruled New Spain, as it called Mexico before the revolution, for three bloody centuries. “¡Mexicanos, viva Mexico!” was Father Hidalgo’s call to arms for the oppressed lower classes to reclaim the land stolen from them by their Spanish overlords. Sadly, as was the case with most revolutions, the following years were chaotic, with the presidency changing hands seventy-five times during the next fifty-five years. The United States and Mexico went to war in the middle of the nineteenth century, and attempts at liberal reform within Mexico were largely unsuccessful. A series of dictators ruled the land until the early part of the next century. The troubles along the southwestern border of the United States had begun to erupt in 1912, when different bands of rebels attacked Mexican government installations during the reign of Victoriano Huerta.
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